对农村老年人口养老的主要问题分析

目前农村老年人养老现状不容乐观.家庭养老功能弱化,社区养老机制滞后,社会福利、政府救济和低保投入严重不足等,导致绝大多数农村老年人处在家庭边缘和社会保障体系之外.     

Barriers and Opportunities for the Development of Small-scale Forest Enterprises in Europe

The article introduces the background and summarises main research findings of the research articles in this special issue. The focus is on the key issues relevant for forest-based entrepreneurship development in small-scale forestry in relation to both wood and non-wood forest products and services (NWFP&S). The article draws special attention to changing forest ownership, changing owners’ motives and values, and the evolving role of forest owners’ associations in Europe. The paper draws attention to the finding that many small-scale forest owners do not treat their forest as an income-generating asset. The ownership of the forests may be more important as symbolic capital than as a source of income. This is quite opposite to the traditional wood production model that for instance most of the Forest Owners Association’s still follow. In relation to NWFP&S, the taxonomy and indicators for NWFP&S are discussed and some conclusions from studies on forest recreation innovation and NWFP&S marketing are presented. The NWFP&S sector is traditionally product-oriented, which is strategically peculiar because the long distances from rural production areas to the customers would suggest highest orientation on marketing. Also surprising is the low level of segmentation in the sector.

The nameless counterpart: a reconstruction of the experiences of private forestry extension officers with their clients

The changes to the forest ownership structure of small private forests in recent times have opened up an intensive field of research throughout Europe. Most of the studies completed to date adhere to the classic survey model and describe the behaviour and attitudes of forest owners. The research presented in this article analyses the changes to small private forests with the aid of data collected from focus groups comprised of forestry extension officers in Germany. Through the reconstruction of the experiences gleaned by the consultants, it was possible to describe the manner in which they characterise their clientele, and the changes they have observed, against the backdrop of changes occurring across rural areas. The consultants’ strategies for describing forest owners are presented. The orientation pattern presented by the extension officers is compared with the urban orientation of forest owners’ model developed by social scientists.     

Traditional weather forecasting for sustainable agroforestry practices in Ilocos Norte Province,Philippines

People in rural communities in Ilocos Norte Province in the Philippines rely heavily on traditional knowledge, particularly for predicting weather to plan and prepare their agroforestry activities as well as disaster prevention. Farmers use this knowledge, derived from observations of atmospheric and astronomic conditions, indicator plants and behavior of animals (insects, birds, and mammals) which signal the onset of the rainy season. These indicators prompt farmers to prepare their upland farmlands for cropping to ensure that vegetative ground cover is established prior to heavy rainfall and thereby prevent erosion of upland soil and siltation of watercourses. Predictive knowledge of the timing of long or short rainy periods enables farmers to plant suitable crops.     

“景村协同”理念下乡村规划路径初探

乡村精准扶贫背景下,"景村协同"发展模式为拥有景区资源的乡村建设提供了新思路。通过梳理我国乡村建设中"景村协同"各个发展阶段特点,明确其存在的问题:定位模糊,缺乏功能互补;基础建设落后,互动性弱;利益主体权责模糊或缺失。提出景村差异化互补发展,加强基础建设与互动,建立统筹管理机构三大措施,并以粤北地区沈家村乡村规划为例进行实证,通过景村精准定位、加强空间联系和协调利益主体关系,打破景村间的隔阂,实现景村协同,共建共荣。     

Spatially targeting the distribution of agricultural input stockists in Malawi

Developing the rural agricultural input markets in sub-Saharan Africa can improve the current low productivity of smallholder farmers. Malawi has seen significant efforts in addressing the availability of agricultural inputs at village level in the last few years; for example, the improvement of rural agro-dealer networks. Nevertheless inputs are still difficult to obtain for many remote smallholder farmers. Spatial analysis can help in the expansion of input stockists, especially agro-dealer networks, by assessing the coverage of existing input outlets and deriving optimum locations for village-level input stockists.We address three research questions. First, what is the locational efficiency of the current village-level stockists of inputs (Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs – Rural Agricultural Market Development Trust trained network of agro dealers and public sector)? Secondly, how many village-level stockists of markets are needed to reach 60% of the population in the central region of Malawi within one hour? Finally we address the potential spatial components of the sustainability of input stockists relating to the potential demand from smallholder farmers and the access to bulk supplies. The problem of finding the optimum location for village-level stockists of markets is addressed in two stages, using spatial analysis in conjunction with location–allocation models. First, the locational efficiency of the existing network of stockists of inputs is determined, followed by the establishment of a set of optimal sites for village-level stockists of inputs. A final step explores the viability of stockists and calculates the population surrounding the stockists taking into account competition from other sources of inputs and the accessibility of the selected stockists to potential wholesalers who are bulk distributors of farm inputs.Our results show that locational efficiency can be assessed in terms of the differential access of households to resources and transport. Often, these differences are not considered in covering problems and can have a large effect on the physical access to inputs. The results can be used to define which areas are inherently difficult to serve with agricultural inputs and could inform efforts to provide incentives to remote areas. Further implications for input policies in Malawi are that improvements in road infrastructure might not directly benefit the poorest farmers (if they are walking) but could serve to reduce the wholesale prices and therefore the retail price. In addition, the improvement in roads might increase the number of potential customers of any particular stockist, with economies of scale allowing the reduction of prices while ensuring a satisfactory profit margin for the stockist. The results of our models imply that Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs may need to train stockists over a wider area to increase the access to inputs of those smallholder farmers with least resources.     

英德市农村饮水安全工程设计

英德市是广东省农村饮水安全工程的示范点,在饮水安全工程的建设过程中克服了诸多困难,取得了良好的效果,积累了不少经验。在水源点选择、管网布置、高水压处理等方面,设计人员都花费了大量时间进行调查、分析和研究,提出了适合于当地复杂条件的设计方案。对设计中遇到的问题和解决方法进行简要的总结,以供参考。     

现代设施蔬菜农业园区发展模式探索

从我国设施蔬菜的发展现状出发,针对生产型农业园区的规划理念、市场定位、近远期规划方向、功能分区、分项规划、规划保障等方面均进行了研究,对于生产型农业园区近期应具备的各项功能区进行了进一步的阐述与研究,同时针对设施蔬菜现代农业园区的远期建设模式进行了阐述。     

Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia

The location of roosts of two species of vespertilionid bats, the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), was investigated in a remnant vegetation-farmland mosaic and adjacent floodplain forest in south-eastern Australia. A total of 45 individuals of N. geoffroyi and 27 C. gouldii were fitted with radio transmitters, which resulted in the location of 139 and 89 roosts respectively. Selection of roosting habitat showed both inter- and intra-specific differences. At the landscape level, locations of roosts used by male and female N. geoffroyi differed markedly. Most males roosted in the farmland mosaic within 3 km (mean 1.9±2.9 km) of where they were captured while foraging in remnant vegetation. In contrast, roost sites of females were predominantly in the floodplain forest, 6-12 km from their capture site in farmland (mean for all females, 6.7±2.9 km). All maternity roosts were in the extensive floodplain forest, 4-10 km from foraging areas. Distances moved by this species were greater than previously recorded and further than predicted by flight morphology. Most C. gouldii roosted in the floodplain forest, 4-10 km from their capture site (6.9±1.6 km). Within the floodplain forest, both species roosted in areas that had higher densities of hollow-bearing trees than generally available; dead hollow-bearing trees for N. geoffroyi and large, live trees for C. gouldii. The scale of movements undertaken by these species means that they can obtain resources from multiple landscape elements. Both species used different habitats for roosting and foraging despite the energetic costs of commuting relatively large distances. Conservation of bat populations in rural environments needs to be considered at the landscape scale, with particular attention to identifying landscape elements that provide key resources.     

五常市北部地区农村居民点用地适宜性评价与整治分区规划

农村居民点用地适宜性评价是实现农村土地合理布局、挖掘土地整理潜力的重要依据。以五常市北部地区为例,从自然、经济社会和生态三方面构建典型粮食产区农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系,结合地区内部特点量化指标因子;依据适宜性评价分级和区域模式差异,综合考虑人口城镇化影响实现居民点的整治分区规划。结果表明:北部12个乡镇中农村居民点用地适宜性区间为0~3.996 8,不存在最高适宜的居民点用地,域内以高适宜和中适宜用地为主,低适宜和不适宜的居民点用地相对比例之和5.02%,地区仍有部分居民点需重点整治;兴隆乡、营城子乡、民乐乡等部分地区应引导村内人口外迁,八家子乡、常堡乡、牛家镇等应积极迁村并点,兴隆乡部分地区、八家子乡和卫国乡实施内部改造,保留发展型均有分布。研究结果可为该地区居民点整理规划提供科学依据。